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Englishman Tyrrell Hatto

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16-01-2019 02:25:27 BerichtOnderwerp: Englishman Tyrrell Hatto
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WASHINGTON Nike Air VaporMax Flyknit Baratas , June 5 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers said Thursday they have found important physical evidence that sleep helps consolidate and strengthen new memories.


In a study published in the U.S. journal Science, researchers at New York University showed for the first time that sleep after learning encourages the growth of dendritic spines, the tiny protrusions from brain cells that connect to other brain cells and facilitate the passage of information across synapses, the junctions at which brain cells meet.


Moreover, the activity of brain cells during deep sleep called slow-wave sleep after learning is critical for such growth.


"We've known for a long time that sleep plays an important role in learning and memory. If you don't sleep well you won't learn well," senior investigator Wen-Biao Gan, professor of neuroscience and physiology of the university, said.


"But what's the underlying physical mechanism responsible for this phenomenon? Here we've shown how sleep helps neurons form very specific connections on dendritic branches that may facilitate long-term memory," Gan said.


Gan and colleagues employed mice genetically engineered to express a fluorescent protein in neurons.


Using a special laser-scanning microscope that illuminates the glowing fluorescent proteins in the motor cortex, they were then able to track and image the growth of dendritic spines along individual branches of dendrites before and after mice learned to balance on a spin rod.


They trained two sets of mice: one trained on the spinning rod for an hour and then slept for 7 hours; the second trained for the same period of time on the rod but stayed awake for 7 hours.


The researchers found that the sleep-deprived mice experienced significantly less dendritic spine growth than the well-rested mice.


Furthermore, they found that the type of task learned determined which dendritic branches spines would grow. Running forward on the spinning rod, for instance, produced spine growth on different dendritic branches than running backward on the rod, suggesting that learning specific tasks causes specific structural changes in the brain.


"Now we know that when we learn something new, a neuron will grow new connections on a specific branch," said Gan. "Imagine a tree that grows leaves (spines) on one branch but not another branch. When we learn something new, it's like we're sprouting leaves on a specific branch."


The researchers also showed that brain cells in a brain region called motor cortex that activate when mice learn a task reactivate during slow-wave deep sleep.


Disrupting this process prevents dendritic spine growth, Gan said. Their findings offer an important insight into the functional role of neuronal replay -- the process by which the sleeping brain rehearses tasks learned during the day -- observed in the motor cortex.


"Our data suggest that neuronal reactivation during sleep is quite important for growing specific connections within the motor cortex," Gan said.


"The findings are especially important for children," he said. "Sacrificing sleep to study only causes significantly less dendritic spine, thus you will not be able to remember what you have learned."


In the thrilling final round of the Dubai Desert Classic on Sunday, China’s Li Haotong edged out Rory McIlroy by a single stroke to claim the second European Tour title of his career.


Li put on a late burst to card 69 and finish on 23-under for the tournament with a total of 265, setting a new record to par at Emirates Golf Club in the process by overhauling the mark of 22-under set by Thomas Bjorn in 2001.


The 22-year-old, who claimed his first European Tour title at the 2016 China Open, started the day a stroke ahead of McIlroy, but relinquished the lead in short order with a bogey on the first hole.


“Especially the first few holes, I was quite nervous,” Li said. “The first hole I made bogey and got to come back really quick, which was good.”

  Li Haotong of China plays during the final round of the Dubai Desert Classic on the Majlis Course at Emirates Golf Club on Jan. 28, 2018 in Dubai. VCG Photo

The duo then matched each other with birdies on the third and seventh, but McIlroy forged a two-stroke lead after the turn with a birdie on the par-five 10th as Li registered his second bogey of the afternoon.


The Northern Irishman was briefly pegged back after landing in the sand on the par-three 11th, but his two-shot advantage was restored when Li made his third and final bogey on the next hole.


The Chinese reacted with supreme composure in the clutch situation, going on to birdie four of his last six holes, including sinking a 25-foot putt on the 15th to draw level with McIlroy.


“The last four holes was some of the best shots in my life so far,” he said. “Happy to see I can hold a trophy here. I‘m looking forward to my first Masters.”


McIlroy, a two-time winner in Dubai, went a long way right off the 16th tee and his failure to save par gave Li the outright lead. Both men closed with a pair of birdies apiece as the Chinese held his nerve to emerge victorious.


Englishman Tyrrell Hatton finished three shots behind the leader to claim third place, with Frenchman Alexander Levy a shot behind him in fourth and another Englishman, Chris Paisley, two shots further back in fifth on 17-under.(Agencies)


BEIJING, Jan. 26 (Xinhua) -- China advocates low-carbon tourism, ecotourism, and responsible tourism, and hopes to contribute to the sustainable development of Arctic tourism, according to a white paper issued Friday.


As a source of tourists to the Arctic, China supports and encourages its enterprises to cooperate with Arctic States in developing tourism in the region, said the document titled China's Arctic Policy, issued by the State Council Information Council.


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